Abstract This paper presents a synthesis of critical analyses about the lack of transparency and the problem of biases in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems as support or for effective judicial decision making from the Brazilian context, based on researches coordinated by the authors. From the methodological point of view, bibliographic, documentary and empirical researches were developed in the investigations. Analytical-interpretative studies of the materials gathered were made in order to ground the considerations. In the approach, a brief description of the state of the art regarding the use of AI by the national judiciary was elaborated, followed by analyzes on the opacity of algorithms and cognitive biases, according to topics related to the structural incompatibility between data processing by AI and the application of Law; the inability of the AI to make value judgments; the accentuation of cognitive biases by AI; and lack of transparency in relation to the algorithms and data used by the AI. At the end, proposals are presented to face the problems related to the use of AI for judicial decision making.

Resumo Neste artigo, é apresentada a síntese de análises críticas realizadas em pesquisas coordenadas pela autora e pelo autor sobre a falta de transparência e o problema dos vieses no uso de sistemas de inteligência artificial (IA) como apoio ou para a efetiva tomada de decisão judicial, a partir do contexto brasileiro. Do ponto de vista metodológico, foram desenvolvidas pesquisas bibliográficas, documentais e empíricas nas investigações. Foram feitos exames analítico-interpretativos acerca dos materiais levantados para alicerçar as considerações. Na abordagem, foi elaborada uma breve descrição acerca do estado da arte quanto ao uso de IA pelo Judiciário nacional, seguida pelas análises sobre a opacidade dos algoritmos e os vieses cognitivos, conforme os tópicos relacionados com a incompatibilidade estrutural entre o processamento de dados pela IA e a aplicação do Direito; a incapacidade da IA realizar juízos de valor; a acentuação dos vieses cognitivos pela IA; e a falta de transparência em relação aos algoritmos e aos dados utilizados pela IA. Ao final, são apresentadas propostas para enfrentamento dos problemas com o uso de IA para a tomada de decisão judicial.

ABSTRACT The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879), is a species of great commercial importance. It is farmed under different conditions that translate to a great range of light environments, which impact their behavior and productivity. We present the first study employing both visual modeling and beha vioral data to evaluate the ontogenetic changes in color preferences of juveniles and adults of M. rosenbergii. We offered ten shelters of different colors to juveniles and adults and registered their preferences. Our results show that shelter preference changed with ontogeny: juveniles chose shelters based on chromaticity (preference for blue), while adults based their decisions on brightness (preference for dark grey). This preference adults show for dark colors is probably associated with light avoidance behavior. We recommend providing blue shelters for juveniles and dark shelters for adults.

ABSTRACT Diversity and distribution of flower coloration is a puzzling topic that has been extensively studied, with multiple hypotheses being proposed to account for the functions of coloration, such as pollinator attraction, protection against herbivory, and prevention of damage by ultraviolet light. Recent methodologies have allowed studies to consider the visual system of animals other than humans, helping to answer questions regarding the distribution of flower coloration. A survey of keywords in Web of Science shows floral color to be mainly studied in relation to macroevolutionary traits and biochemistry of pigments, focusing on pollination and anthocyanins, respectively. The present paper reviews mechanisms that determine the color of flowers. First, it is discussed how pigment, visual systems and signaling environments influence flower color; secondly, patterns of convergent evolution of flower color is debated, including evolutionary history, pollinator preference, flower color change, flowering season, and habitat. Third and last, patterns of flower coloration that have been found around the globe are addressed. In short, the aim is to contribute to ongoing research, by underlining mechanisms that lead to global patterns of coloration and indicating perspectives for future study on the topic.

Abstract Latex responds for most allergic reactions in children, and repeated exposure to the agent is the main cause of sensitization. We report the case of a child allergic to latex who developed anaphylaxis during kidney transplantation performed in a latex-free environment. After immediate treatment with epinephrine the patient gradually improved. Subsequent investigation revealed that kidney harvesting was performed without latex allergy precautions, suggesting graft contamination by the antigen. We conclude that, for preventing this type of anaphylaxis, it is essential to implement latex-free procedures during donor organ harvesting.

Resumo O estado do Rio Grande do Norte é considerado uma lacuna de informações sobre ocorrência de morcegos no Brasil. O estado também é atualmente alvo de grandes empreendimentos com potencial impacto sobre a quiropterofauna, especialmente no setor de energia eólica e mineração. Além disso, apresenta poucas unidades de conservação, e estas não possuem sua quiropterofauna estudada de maneira sistematizada. A Floresta Nacional de Nísia Floresta (FNNF), uma unidade de conservação federal de 174 hectares, localiza-se na costa leste do Rio Grande do Norte e corresponde a um dos últimos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no estado e no limite norte do bioma. Foi realizado um inventário de morcegos na FNNF com a utilização de redes de neblina armadas no nível do solo, do por do sol ao amanhecer, de dezembro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012, totalizando 25 noites de amostragem. Nós capturamos 1379 morcegos pertencentes a quatro famílias e 16 espécies. Artibeus planirostris (Phyllostomidae) foi a espécie mais frequentemente capturada (n = 685; 50%), seguida por Myotis lavali (Vespertilionidae) (n = 248; 18%) e Phyllostomus discolor (Phyllostomidae) (n = 147; 11%). Peropteryx leucoptera, Phyllostomus discolor, Phyllostomus hastatus, Lophostoma brasiliense, Lasiurus blossevillii, Myotis lavali e Promops nasutus são novos registros para o Rio Grande do Norte, aumentando o número atual de espécies de morcegos no estado de 25 para 32. Inventários adicionais, especialmente utilizando amostragens acústicas com detectores de morcegos, tendem a acrescentar novas espécies à lista de morcegos da FNNF.

Abstract The state of Rio Grande do Norte is considered a data gap for bat species records in Brazil. The state is also currently target of large economic projects with potential impacts on bats, especially wind farms and mining enterprises. In addition, Rio Grande do Norte has few conservation units in which there is no systematic study on bat fauna. The Nísia Floresta National Forest (NFNF), a federally protected area of 174 hectares, is located in the eastern coast of Rio Grande do Norte and corresponds to one of the last remnants of Atlantic Forest in the state, in its northernmost limits. A bat inventory was conducted in NFNF using mist nets set at ground level, from sunset to sunrise, from December 2011 to December 2012, totaling 25 sampling nights. We captured 1,379 bats belonging to four families and 16 species. Artibeus planirostris (Phyllostomidae) was the most frequently captured species (n = 685; 50%), followed by Myotis lavali (Vespertilionidae) (n = 248; 18%) and Phyllostomus discolor (Phyllostomidae) (n = 147; 11%). Peropteryx leucoptera, Phyllostomus discolor, Phyllostomus hastatus, Lophostoma brasiliense, Lasiurus blossevillii, Myotis lavali, and Promops nasutus are new records for Rio Grande do Norte, increasing the current number of bat species from 25 to 32 in this state. Further inventories, especially using acoustic surveys with bat detectors, might add more species to the NFNF bat list.

In temperate zones, insectivorous bats use some types of habitat more frequently than others, and are more active in the warmest periods of the year. We assessed the spatial and seasonal activity patterns of bats in open areas of the southernmost region of Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that bat activity differs among habitat types, among seasons, and is influenced by weather variables. We monitored four 1,500-m transects monthly, from April 2009 to March 2010. Transects corresponded to the five habitat types that predominate in the region. In each sampling session, we detected and counted bat passes with an ultrasound detector (Pettersson D230) and measured climatic variables at the transects. We recorded 1,183 bat passes, and observed the highest activity at the edge of a eucalyptus stand (0.64 bat passes/min) and along an irrigation channel (0.54 bat passes/min). The second highest activity values (0.31 and 0.20 bat passes/min, respectively) were obtained at the edge of a riparian forest and at the margin of a wetland. The grasslands were used significantly less (0.05 bat passes/min). Bat activity was significantly lower in the winter (0.21 bat passes/min) and showed similar values in the autumn (0.33 bat passes/min), spring (0.26 bat passes/min), and summer (0.29 bat passes/min). Bat activity was correlated with temperature, but it was not correlated with wind speed and relative humidity of the air. Our data suggest that, in the study area, insectivorous bats are active throughout the year, and use mostly forest and watercourses areas. These habitat types should be considered prioritary for the conservation of bats in the southernmost region of Brazil.